Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Ellipsoid</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ellipsoid rootpage-Ellipsoid skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellipsoid</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">
<p>Das <b>Ellipsoid</b> ist die <a href="3-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="3-dimensional">dreidimensionale</a> Entsprechung einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a>. So wie sich eine Ellipse als <i><a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affines</a></i> Bild des <a href="Einheitskreis" title="Einheitskreis">Einheitskreises</a> auffassen lässt, gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Ein Ellipsoid (als <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a>) ist ein affines Bild der <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26790310fffdf30f449c78609788054d278dea7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.332ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=1.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Die einfachsten affinen Abbildungen sind die Skalierungen der <a href="Kartesisches_Koordinatensystem" title="Kartesisches Koordinatensystem">kartesischen Koordinaten</a>. Sie liefern Ellipsoide mit <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichungen</a>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{abc}\colon \quad {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1,\quad a,b,c>0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{abc}\colon \quad {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1,\quad a,b,c&gt;0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1d73bf669bebc2b6da640db47302adc9747c3b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:40.351ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{abc}\colon \quad {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1,\quad a,b,c>0.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>So ein Ellipsoid ist <a href="Punktsymmetrisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Punktsymmetrisch">punktsymmetrisch</a> zum Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (0,0,0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (0,0,0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28c6fd55d5621fd95ca93549660fbb355fd9bd22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.365ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (0,0,0)}" loading="lazy"></span>, dem <i>Mittelpunkt</i> des Ellipsoids. Die Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b,c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b,c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f13f068df656c1b1911ae9f81628c49a6181194d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b,c}" loading="lazy"></span> sind analog zu einer Ellipse die <i>Halbachsen</i> des Ellipsoids und die <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\pm a,0,0),(0,\pm b,0),(0,0,\pm c)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\pm a,0,0),(0,\pm b,0),(0,0,\pm c)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9764c4bf1cd4a9138b39e965fe92de8eb16aa05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.333ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\pm a,0,0),(0,\pm b,0),(0,0,\pm c)}" loading="lazy"></span> seine 6 <i><a href="Scheitelpunkt" title="Scheitelpunkt">Scheitelpunkte</a>.</i>
</p>
<ul><li>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=b=c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=b=c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41dfe5f5f74cb7a2c79093352406fd1d19123882.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.431ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=b=c}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, ist das Ellipsoid eine <i><a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a>.</i></li>
<li>Falls genau zwei Halbachsen übereinstimmen, ist das Ellipsoid ein prolates oder oblates <i><a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>.</i></li>
<li>Falls die 3 Halbachsen alle verschieden sind, heißt das Ellipsoid <i>triaxial</i> oder <i><a href="Dreiachsiges_Ellipsoid" title="Dreiachsiges Ellipsoid">dreiachsig</a>.</i></li></ul>
<p>Alle Ellipsoide <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{abc}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b96d78d2f98308cceced7b04e70afcb0261c7f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.234ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind <i><a href="Symmetrie_(Geometrie)#Spiegelsymmetrie" title="Symmetrie (Geometrie)">symmetrisch</a></i> zu jeder der drei Koordinatenebenen. Beim Rotationsellipsoid kommt noch die <a href="Rotationssymmetrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationssymmetrie">Rotationssymmetrie</a> bezüglich der <a href="Rotationsachse" title="Rotationsachse">Rotationsachse</a> hinzu. Eine Kugel ist zu <i>jeder</i> <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> durch den Mittelpunkt symmetrisch.
</p>

<p>Angenäherte Beispiele für Rotationsellipsoide sind der <a href="Rugbyball" title="Rugbyball">Rugbyball</a> und abgeplattete <a href="Rotation_(Physik)" title="Rotation (Physik)">rotierende</a> <a href="Himmelsk%C3%B6rper" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmelskörper">Himmelskörper</a>, etwa die <a href="Erdellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdellipsoid">Erde</a> oder andere <a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planeten</a> (<a href="Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet)">Jupiter</a>), <a href="Sonne" title="Sonne">Sonnen</a> oder <a href="Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxien</a>. <a href="Elliptische_Galaxie" title="Elliptische Galaxie">Elliptische Galaxien</a> und <a href="Zwergplanet" title="Zwergplanet">Zwergplaneten</a> (z.&nbsp;B. <a href="(136108)_Haumea" title="(136108) Haumea">(136108) Haumea</a>) können auch triaxial sein.
</p><p>In der <a href="Lineare_Optimierung" title="Lineare Optimierung">Linearen Optimierung</a> werden Ellipsoide in der <a href="Ellipsoid-Methode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsoid-Methode">Ellipsoid-Methode</a> verwendet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameterdarstellung">Parameterdarstellung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Parameterdarstellung" title="Parameterdarstellung">Parameterdarstellung</a></i></div>

<p>Die Punkte auf der <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a> können wie folgt parametrisiert werden (siehe <a href="Kugelkoordinaten" title="Kugelkoordinaten">Kugelkoordinaten</a>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;\cos \theta \end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center left left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;\cos \theta \end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3099f6bf3df441b2ece586a1de9ddd6d7981c999.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:19.565ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;\sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;\cos \theta \end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für den <a href="Winkel" title="Winkel">Winkel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> (von der z-Achse aus gemessen) gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f85d6a6521db7f3738e48ea472c8d88f0c4e0c12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.782ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }" loading="lazy"></span>. Für den Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> (von der x-Achse aus gemessen) gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi &lt;2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d07ebffe3181ca98c6933cf63cb31d5247fab3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.374ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Skaliert man die einzelnen <a href="Koordinatensystem" title="Koordinatensystem">Koordinaten</a> mit den <a href="Faktor_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faktor (Mathematik)">Faktoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b,c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b,c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f13f068df656c1b1911ae9f81628c49a6181194d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b,c}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ergibt sich eine Parameterdarstellung des Ellipsoids <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{abc}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b96d78d2f98308cceced7b04e70afcb0261c7f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.234ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;a\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;b\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;c\cdot \cos \theta \end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center left left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>x</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>y</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;a\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;b\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;c\cdot \cos \theta \end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/efab44922dddc89496fdd92b23c9635a323dd9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:22.474ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cll}x&amp;=&amp;a\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \varphi \\y&amp;=&amp;b\cdot \sin \theta \cdot \sin \varphi \\z&amp;=&amp;c\cdot \cos \theta \end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f85d6a6521db7f3738e48ea472c8d88f0c4e0c12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.782ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi &lt;2\pi .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bfc4ca60655cbea1accc4e20641f1bf82b37293a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.021ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq \varphi <2\pi .}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volumen">Volumen</h2></div>
<p>Das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> des Ellipsoids <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{abc}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b96d78d2f98308cceced7b04e70afcb0261c7f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.234ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c97b4d4165be7ec43988fe62a95c818b0abf0eb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.097ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a> mit <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> hat das Volumen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13191b552f419d7ade7f65f2047398c17f515991.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.626ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\tfrac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dt>Herleitung</dt></dl>
<p>Der Schnitt des Ellipsoids <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{abc}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b96d78d2f98308cceced7b04e70afcb0261c7f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.234ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{abc}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> in der <a href="H%C3%B6he_(Geometrie)" title="Höhe (Geometrie)">Höhe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9eb518cf3a62ec823d0e1f16414ee267917844d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.193ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Halbachsen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a'=a{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}},\ b'=b{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a'=a{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}},\ b'=b{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4ee71de0ee0a9ba432831472087f611acf01239.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:32.25ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a'=a{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}},\ b'=b{\sqrt {1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Ellipse#Flächeninhalt" title="Ellipse">Flächeninhalt</a> dieser Ellipse ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(z)=\pi a'b'=\pi ab\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(z)=\pi a'b'=\pi ab\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e3440b4ba38b2dab635a950e31ed123fc783b3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.117ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(z)=\pi a'b'=\pi ab\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das Volumen ergibt sich dann aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{-c}^{c}A(z)\ \mathrm {d} z=\pi ab\int _{-c}^{c}\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\ \mathrm {d} z={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{-c}^{c}A(z)\ \mathrm {d} z=\pi ab\int _{-c}^{c}\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\ \mathrm {d} z={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f22ec78750e6220d8c83ee126bff1a5779baffd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:46.515ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{-c}^{c}A(z)\ \mathrm {d} z=\pi ab\int _{-c}^{c}\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\ \mathrm {d} z={\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oberfläche"><span id="Oberfl.C3.A4che"></span>Oberfläche</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oberfläche_eines_Rotationsellipsoids"><span id="Oberfl.C3.A4che_eines_Rotationsellipsoids"></span>Oberfläche eines Rotationsellipsoids</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a></i></div>
<p>Die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> eines <i><a href="Abplattung" title="Abplattung">abgeplatteten</a></i> Rotationsellipsoids <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{aac}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{aac}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f81c04c72eb2b6fb87773a5b86672fc11f0346e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.399ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{aac}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a>c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&gt;c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/555821d1966fad5b635b19d54e36d88b3623b991.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.335ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a>c}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right),}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>arsinh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right),}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3a6e585d39737c217123d383cfd1a9554367762.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:49.107ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arsinh} \left({\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right),}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die des <a href="Verl%C3%A4ngertes_Ellipsoid" title="Verlängertes Ellipsoid"><i>verlängerten</i> Ellipsoids</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c>a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c&gt;a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8035c5151ae8e735de542149a111325a3a47a98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.335ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c>a}" loading="lazy"></span>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arcsin} \left({\frac {\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>arcsin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arcsin} \left({\frac {\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed3af84635ef8dbf61fa61e20fb2d2a9fdebad5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:48.847ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi a\left(a+{\frac {c^{2}}{\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}}\,\operatorname {arcsin} \left({\frac {\sqrt {c^{2}-a^{2}}}{c}}\right)\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a> mit <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Oberfläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca925588619ce34da35b2c2ffb5b267e313d50ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.439ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oberfläche_eines_triaxialen_Ellipsoids"><span id="Oberfl.C3.A4che_eines_triaxialen_Ellipsoids"></span>Oberfläche eines triaxialen Ellipsoids</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> eines triaxialen Ellipsoids lässt sich nicht mit Hilfe von <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktionen</a> ausdrücken, die man als <a href="Elementare_Funktion" title="Elementare Funktion">elementar</a> ansieht, wie z.&nbsp;B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>arsinh</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78e4506c4572caf5a4700de12122e9690f1f9d3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.222ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {arsinh} }" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \arcsin }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>arcsin</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \arcsin }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/627fcadc0495786c9167c5487a1a795bb1940edd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.962ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \arcsin }" loading="lazy"></span> oben beim <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>. Die Flächenberechnung gelang <a href="Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a> mit Hilfe der <a href="Elliptisches_Integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Integral">elliptischen Integrale</a>. Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a>b>c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a&gt;b&gt;c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3756bee44d7cb7e6221499eedb579fb848d2e5ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.431ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a>b>c}" loading="lazy"></span>. Schreibt man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {a}{b}}{\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {a}{b}}{\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab15a153ae4e254e313be10367879b547624654d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.721ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {a}{b}}{\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi =\arcsin {\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arcsin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi =\arcsin {\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62ccef22cc8837b73dfe71c565679ff7138106c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.96ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi =\arcsin {\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so lauten die <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integrale</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\sqrt {\frac {1-k^{2}x^{2}}{1-x^{2}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\sqrt {\frac {1-k^{2}x^{2}}{1-x^{2}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c050589407f3e034a3bf81c35e1dfb5b14af71f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:32.028ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\sqrt {\frac {1-k^{2}x^{2}}{1-x^{2}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\frac {1}{{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\frac {1}{{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c07605aedf65ee548cde98378b5490ba6cd21e36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:41.351ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(k,\varphi )=\int _{0}^{\sin \varphi }{\frac {1}{{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-k^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Oberfläche hat mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> nach Legendre<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> den Wert
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+{\frac {2\pi b}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\left(c^{2}F(k,\varphi )+(a^{2}-c^{2})E(k,\varphi )\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+{\frac {2\pi b}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\left(c^{2}F(k,\varphi )+(a^{2}-c^{2})E(k,\varphi )\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/296382cb03c25dee35a4861d297f1577fa65960b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:54.696ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+{\frac {2\pi b}{\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}\left(c^{2}F(k,\varphi )+(a^{2}-c^{2})E(k,\varphi )\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Werden die <a href="Ausdruck_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausdruck (Mathematik)">Ausdrücke</a> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> sowie die <a href="Substitution_(Mathematik)" title="Substitution (Mathematik)">Substitutionen</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u:={\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u:={\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b86ff872f7d16d06038a2249beefe63057b290b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.42ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u:={\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v:={\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{b}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
<mi>b</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v:={\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{b}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04b884b8027c8ddf0c0c08bf5a5258051d8ba819.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.986ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v:={\frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-c^{2}}}{b}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in die <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eingesetzt, so ergibt sich die Schreibweise
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+2\pi ab\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1-u^{2}v^{2}x^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-u^{2}x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+2\pi ab\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1-u^{2}v^{2}x^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-u^{2}x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/706e63a9f32ab8946f60927631f336c019e5b451.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:47.925ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi c^{2}+2\pi ab\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1-u^{2}v^{2}x^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-u^{2}x^{2}}}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}x^{2}}}}}\ \mathrm {d} x.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Von Knud Thomsen stammt die integralfreie <a href="N%C3%A4herungsformel" class="mw-redirect" title="Näherungsformel">Näherungsformel</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\approx 4\pi \left({\frac {(ab)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(ac)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(bc)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\approx 4\pi \left({\frac {(ab)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(ac)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(bc)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc2c7153b99394f3d947433f9024676333615dce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:37.406ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\approx 4\pi \left({\frac {(ab)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(ac)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(bc)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die maximale Abweichung vom exakten Resultat beträgt weniger als 1,2&nbsp;%.
</p><p>Im Grenzfall eines vollständig plattgedrückten Ellipsoids <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(c\to 0\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(c\to 0\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de1877930faca6cf84da308a14a9a13dafad7f06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.593ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(c\to 0\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> streben alle drei angegebenen <a href="Formel" title="Formel">Formeln</a> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi ab,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi ab,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0be44ba692c0e6f70f1873225c138984551e17ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.369ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi ab,}" loading="lazy"></span> den doppelten Wert des <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalts</a> einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> mit den Halbachsen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsbeispiel_zu_den_Formeln">Anwendungsbeispiel zu den Formeln</h2></div>
<p>Der Planet Jupiter ist wegen der durch die schnelle Rotation wirkenden <a href="Zentrifugalkraft" title="Zentrifugalkraft">Zentrifugalkräfte</a> an den Polen deutlich flacher als am Äquator und hat annähernd die Form eines <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoids</a>.
</p><p>Der Jupiter hat den Äquatordurchmesser 142984 km und den Poldurchmesser 133708 km. Also gilt für die Halbachsen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=b=71492\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>71492</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=b=71492\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2e858a072a95f2d728e2680a05414f04495e49bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.981ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=b=71492\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=66854\ \mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>66854</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=66854\ \mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d9cad00b7aed82ff773c62e6cb58dcdfa05964a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.662ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=66854\ \mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> des Jupiter beträgt etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1,899</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>27</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc31cae6ce29df57053217773cc30c8fe186e9d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.147ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Daraus ergibt sich mithilfe der oben genannten <a href="Mathematische_Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Formel">Formeln</a> für das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a>, die mittlere <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> und die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Volumen</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot a\cdot b\cdot c\approx 1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1,431</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot a\cdot b\cdot c\approx 1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88f11e3600e53be80d00f666ff67f7eb53e2035f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.403ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot a\cdot b\cdot c\approx 1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 1321-mal so viel wie das <a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">Volumen</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Mittlere Dichte</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 1327\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1,899</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>27</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,431</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1,899</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>27</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1,431</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>24</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1327</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 1327\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a867517f6fb3f6cd3a882fc252379e47884fe8c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:62.965ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {m}{V}}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{15}\ \mathrm {km^{3}} }}={\frac {1{,}899\cdot 10^{27}\ \mathrm {kg} }{1{,}4313\cdot 10^{24}\ \mathrm {m^{3}} }}\approx 1327\ \mathrm {kg} /\mathrm {m^{3}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Der Jupiter hat also insgesamt eine etwas höhere <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> als Wasser unter <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.</dd></dl>
<ul><li><b>Oberfläche</b>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\approx 4\cdot \pi \cdot \left({\frac {(a\cdot b)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(a\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(b\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}\approx 6{,}15\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>8</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\approx 4\cdot \pi \cdot \left({\frac {(a\cdot b)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(a\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(b\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}\approx 6{,}15\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8abac1030293e4a2aad3742c59640062ea86d71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:63.066ex; height:10.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\approx 4\cdot \pi \cdot \left({\frac {(a\cdot b)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(a\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}+(b\cdot c)^{\frac {8}{5}}}{3}}\right)^{\frac {5}{8}}\approx 6{,}15\cdot 10^{10}\ \mathrm {km^{2}} }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Das ist etwa 121-mal so viel wie die <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Oberfläche</a> der Erde.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ebene_Schnitte">Ebene Schnitte</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h3></div>

<p>Der Schnitt eines Ellipsoids mit einer <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> ist
</p>
<ul><li>eine <i><a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a>,</i> falls er wenigstens zwei Punkte enthält,</li>
<li>ein <i><a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkt</a>,</i> falls die Ebene eine <a href="Tangentialebene" title="Tangentialebene">Tangentialebene</a> ist,</li>
<li>andernfalls <i><a href="Leere_Menge" title="Leere Menge">leer</a>.</i></li></ul>
<p>Der erste Fall folgt aus der Tatsache, dass eine Ebene eine <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a> in einem <a href="Kreis" title="Kreis">Kreis</a> schneidet und ein Kreis bei einer <a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affinen Abbildung</a> in eine Ellipse übergeht. Dass einige der Schnittellipsen Kreise sind, ist bei einem <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a> offensichtlich: Alle ebenen Schnitte, die wenigstens 2 Punkte enthalten und deren Ebenen <i>senkrecht</i> zur <a href="Rotationsachse" title="Rotationsachse">Rotationsachse</a> sind, sind Kreise. Dass aber auch jedes 3-achsige Ellipsoid Kreise enthält, ist nicht offensichtlich und wird im Artikel <a href="Kreisschnittebene" title="Kreisschnittebene">Kreisschnittebene</a> erklärt.
</p><p>Der <i><a href="Umrisskonstruktion" title="Umrisskonstruktion">wahre Umriss</a></i> eines beliebigen Ellipsoids ist sowohl bei <a href="Parallelprojektion" title="Parallelprojektion">Parallelprojektion</a> als auch bei <a href="Zentralprojektion" title="Zentralprojektion">Zentralprojektion</a> ein ebener Schnitt, also eine Ellipse (siehe Bilder).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestimmung_einer_Schnittellipse">Bestimmung einer Schnittellipse</h3></div>

<p><i>Gegeben:</i> Ellipsoid <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68f83fa62cd61acf1ca6e1a1ab024fc7bf317df1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.193ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und eine Ebene mit der <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{x}x+n_{y}y+n_{z}z=d,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{x}x+n_{y}y+n_{z}z=d,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dbeb37285f4bab5c5682e8662241b825fd7f28c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.623ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{x}x+n_{y}y+n_{z}z=d,}" loading="lazy"></span> die das Ellipsoid in einer Ellipse schneidet.<br><i>Gesucht:</i> Drei <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a>) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50eaca08529d3507b9cb4a288f2447b22d735f72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.117ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> (konjugierte Vektoren) so, dass die Schnittellipse durch die <a href="Parameterdarstellung" title="Parameterdarstellung">Parameterdarstellung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {f}}_{2}\sin t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {f}}_{2}\sin t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f436e646b8234d29b0bfa1d3da4d6af584b7aec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.46ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {f}}_{2}\sin t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschrieben werden kann (siehe&nbsp;<a href="Ellipse#Ellipse_als_affines_Bild_des_Einheitskreises" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a>).
</p>

<p><i>Lösung:</i> Die Skalierung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u={\frac {x}{a}}\ ,\ v={\frac {y}{b}}\,\ w={\frac {z}{c}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u={\frac {x}{a}}\ ,\ v={\frac {y}{b}}\,\ w={\frac {z}{c}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ad3f9f48f20c6f1741318fd4a59f78aef42c1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.662ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u={\frac {x}{a}}\ ,\ v={\frac {y}{b}}\,\ w={\frac {z}{c}}}" loading="lazy"></span> führt das Ellipsoid in die <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e817edbffc7ac3943e53331623518824c6985827.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:17.226ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u^{2}+v^{2}+w^{2}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und die gegebene <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> in die Ebene mit der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{x}au+n_{y}bv+n_{z}cw=d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{x}au+n_{y}bv+n_{z}cw=d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0e0bff6e1123556199b205ace41f7c2aa8875fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.758ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{x}au+n_{y}bv+n_{z}cw=d}" loading="lazy"></span> über. Die <a href="Hesse-Normalform" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Normalform">Hesse-Normalform</a> der neuen Ebene sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}u+m_{v}v+m_{w}w=\delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}u+m_{v}v+m_{w}w=\delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be81b2303334464ce977ec96cb9f383781175df2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.682ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}u+m_{v}v+m_{w}w=\delta }" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem <a href="Normaleneinheitsvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Normaleneinheitsvektor">Normaleneinheitsvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}=(m_{u},m_{v},m_{w})^{T}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}=(m_{u},m_{v},m_{w})^{T}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a24adf2cfcc1a98fe2de024244e2359892c3c742.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.784ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {m}}=(m_{u},m_{v},m_{w})^{T}.}" loading="lazy"></span> Dann ist<br>der <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> des Schnittkreises <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}=\delta \;{\vec {m}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}=\delta \;{\vec {m}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/499c361276f3892ce36455affdf7b0ce4729558f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.11ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}=\delta \;{\vec {m}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und dessen <a href="Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\sqrt {1-\delta ^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\sqrt {1-\delta ^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbb923d1700dbfc63d1be0c67dc2df2d29211e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.382ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\sqrt {1-\delta ^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span><br>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{w}=\pm 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{w}=\pm 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6cb60d3fdd3c0213f7b4ed87e532feaddcfbefd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.518ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{w}=\pm 1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=(\rho ,0,0)^{T},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}=(0,\rho ,0)^{T}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=(\rho ,0,0)^{T},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}=(0,\rho ,0)^{T}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69b216df8df7fd5d6a0e24beb40fe7408d310aa8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.6ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=(\rho ,0,0)^{T},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}=(0,\rho ,0)^{T}.}" loading="lazy"></span> (Die Ebene ist horizontal!)<br>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{w}\neq \pm 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{w}\neq \pm 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d8da044a7e99b18966263ec8b4b24bb9fa44b70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.518ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{w}\neq \pm 1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=\rho \,{\frac {(m_{v},-m_{u},0)^{T}}{\sqrt {m_{u}^{2}+m_{v}^{2}}}},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}={\vec {m}}\times {\vec {e}}_{1}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=\rho \,{\frac {(m_{v},-m_{u},0)^{T}}{\sqrt {m_{u}^{2}+m_{v}^{2}}}},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}={\vec {m}}\times {\vec {e}}_{1}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5f9bbc471dca0b52e006382d448eb6d9784de24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:37.116ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1}=\rho \,{\frac {(m_{v},-m_{u},0)^{T}}{\sqrt {m_{u}^{2}+m_{v}^{2}}}},\ {\vec {e}}_{2}={\vec {m}}\times {\vec {e}}_{1}.}" loading="lazy"></span><br>Die <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a03096cb1626c143ad3bd9473c694b2ac889ca85.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.589ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind in jedem Fall zwei in der Schnittebene liegende orthogonale Vektoren der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> (Kreisradius), d.&nbsp;h., der Schnittkreis wird durch die Parameterdarstellung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}={\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}={\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/028ef0ef0f3579f4a4ebcedc013c49cc1809e797.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.135ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}={\vec {e}}_{0}+{\vec {e}}_{1}\cos t+{\vec {e}}_{2}\sin t}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben.
</p><p>Macht man nun die obige Skalierung (<a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affine Abbildung</a>) rückgängig, so wird die Einheitskugel wieder zum gegebenen Ellipsoid und man erhält aus den Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0},{\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0},{\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12fdd38bfc6ef7a56ee7f64b21cb60eca51be7da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.9ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0},{\vec {e}}_{1},{\vec {e}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> die gesuchten Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0},{\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0},{\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0583853158e69e51d160d215326363e456e6b23a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.225ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0},{\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit denen man die Schnittellipse beschreiben kann. Wie man daraus die <a href="Scheitelpunkt" title="Scheitelpunkt">Scheitelpunkte</a> der Ellipse und damit ihre Halbachsen bestimmt, wird unter <a href="Ellipse#Ellipse_als_affines_Bild_des_Einheitskreises" title="Ellipse"><i>Ellipse</i></a> erklärt.
</p><p><i>Beispiel:</i> Die Bilder gehören zu dem Beispiel mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=4,\;b=5,\;c=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=4,\;b=5,\;c=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eda8dffad60eb97206db03615335762ea957c189.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.375ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=4,\;b=5,\;c=3}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Schnittebene <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x+y+z=5.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x+y+z=5.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe89fdc93db66dbe99012fa4c6d4d0416003c66e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x+y+z=5.}" loading="lazy"></span> Das Bild des Ellipsoidschnittes ist eine senkrechte <a href="Parallelprojektion" title="Parallelprojektion">Parallelprojektion</a> auf eine Ebene parallel zur Schnittebene, d.&nbsp;h., die Ellipse erscheint bis auf eine uniforme Skalierung in wahrer Gestalt. Man beachte, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> hier im Gegensatz zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/686ab9780c489d02208a20dfdccb4c0365f415e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.277ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht auf der Schnittebene senkrecht steht. Die <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50eaca08529d3507b9cb4a288f2447b22d735f72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.117ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},\;{\vec {f}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind hier im Gegensatz zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},\;{\vec {e}}_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},\;{\vec {e}}_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fc72c0f6efc243a3fd4ef49c8b81c62a2b7cb95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.234ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {e}}_{1},\;{\vec {e}}_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht <a href="Orthogonalit%C3%A4t" title="Orthogonalität">orthogonal</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fadenkonstruktion">Fadenkonstruktion</h2></div>



<p>Die Fadenkonstruktion eines Ellipsoids ist eine Übertragung der Idee der <a href="Ellipse#Gärtnerkonstruktion" title="Ellipse">Gärtnerkonstruktion</a> einer <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> (siehe Abbildung). Eine Fadenkonstruktion eines <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoids</a> ergibt sich durch Konstruktion der Meridian-Ellipsen mit Hilfe eines Fadens.
</p><p>Punkte eines <i>3-achsigen Ellipsoids</i> mit Hilfe eines gespannten Fadens zu konstruieren ist etwas komplizierter. <a href="Wolfgang_Boehm_(Mathematiker)" title="Wolfgang Boehm (Mathematiker)">Wolfgang Boehm</a> schreibt in dem Artikel <i>Die Fadenkonstruktion der Flächen zweiter Ordnung</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die Grundidee der Fadenkonstruktion eines Ellipsoids dem schottischen Physiker <a href="James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (1868) zu. <a href="Otto_Staude" title="Otto Staude">Otto Staude</a> hat in Arbeiten 1882, 1886, 1898<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die Fadenkonstruktion dann auf <a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadriken</a> verallgemeinert. Die Fadenkonstruktion für Ellipsoide und <a href="Hyperboloid" title="Hyperboloid">Hyperboloide</a> wird auch in dem Buch <i>Anschauliche Geometrie</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von <a href="David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> und <a href="Stefan_Cohn-Vossen" title="Stefan Cohn-Vossen">Stefan Cohn-Vossen</a> beschrieben. Auch <a href="Sebastian_Finsterwalder" title="Sebastian Finsterwalder">Sebastian Finsterwalder</a> beschäftigte sich 1886 mit diesem Thema.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dt>Konstruktionsschritte</dt>
<dd><b>(1)</b> Man wähle eine <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> und eine <a href="Hyperbel_(Mathematik)" title="Hyperbel (Mathematik)">Hyperbel</a>, die ein Paar von <a href="Fokalkegelschnitt" title="Fokalkegelschnitt">Fokalkegelschnitten</a> bilden:
<dl><dd>Ellipse: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\varphi )=(a\cos \varphi ,b\sin \varphi ,0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\varphi )=(a\cos \varphi ,b\sin \varphi ,0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4bb14d1e11ea240333124043a370499b4255728.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.026ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\varphi )=(a\cos \varphi ,b\sin \varphi ,0)}" loading="lazy"></span> und</dd>
<dd>Hyperbel: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(\psi )=(c\cosh \psi ,0,b\sinh \psi )\quad ,\ c^{2}=a^{2}-b^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sinh</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(\psi )=(c\cosh \psi ,0,b\sinh \psi )\quad ,\ c^{2}=a^{2}-b^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6445d0f14cbb270759dbcaa95056793c7db2db93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.928ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(\psi )=(c\cosh \psi ,0,b\sinh \psi )\quad ,\ c^{2}=a^{2}-b^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>mit den <a href="Scheitelpunkt" title="Scheitelpunkt">Scheitelpunkten</a> und <a href="Brennpunkt_(Geometrie)" title="Brennpunkt (Geometrie)">Brennpunkten</a> der Ellipse
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1}=(a,0,0),\ F_{1}=(c,0,0),\ F_{2}=(-c,0,0),\ S_{2}=(-a,0,0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1}=(a,0,0),\ F_{1}=(c,0,0),\ F_{2}=(-c,0,0),\ S_{2}=(-a,0,0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77564e7b919fe60a480a1de44b3480cc03996669.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.191ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1}=(a,0,0),\ F_{1}=(c,0,0),\ F_{2}=(-c,0,0),\ S_{2}=(-a,0,0)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd>und einen Faden (in der Abbildung Bild rot) der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd>
<dd><b>(2)</b> Man befestige das eine Ende des Fadens im Scheitelpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bf84e7fd4fb8259a9b37f956afdf83ee2a020f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und das andere Ende im Brennpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fd17e0779153d765b40ebef91533489b87b2e37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.549ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Faden wird in einem <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> so gespannt gehalten, dass der Faden von hinten auf der Hyperbel und von vorn auf der Ellipse gleiten kann (siehe Abbildung). Der Faden geht über denjenigen Hyperbelpunkt, mit dem die Entfernung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5bf84e7fd4fb8259a9b37f956afdf83ee2a020f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> über einen Hyperbelpunkt minimal wird. Analoges gilt für den Fadenteil von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fd17e0779153d765b40ebef91533489b87b2e37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.549ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> über einen Ellipsenpunkt.</dd>
<dd><b>(3)</b> Wählt man den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> so, dass er positive y- und z-<a href="Koordinatensystem" title="Koordinatensystem">Koordinaten</a> hat, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Punkt des Ellipsoids mit der <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{r_{x}^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{r_{y}^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{r_{z}^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{r_{x}^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{r_{y}^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{r_{z}^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e500c7e7f2326ce8d813647ade49e42b0a7ecbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:19.193ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{r_{x}^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{r_{y}^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{r_{z}^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)\ ,\quad r_{y}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}\ ,\quad r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)\ ,\quad r_{y}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}\ ,\quad r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c897d5ca525a5927fb32dd362e4f32d83da9250.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:55.72ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)\ ,\quad r_{y}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}\ ,\quad r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>(4)</b> Die restlichen Punkte des Ellipsoids erhält man durch geeignetes Umspannen des Fadens an den Fokalkegelschnitten.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Gleichungen für die Halbachsen des erzeugten Ellipsoids ergeben sich, wenn man den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> in die beiden <a href="Scheitelpunkt" title="Scheitelpunkt">Scheitelpunkte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=(0,r_{y},0),\ Z=(0,0,r_{z})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=(0,r_{y},0),\ Z=(0,0,r_{z})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a74350d97ed31d0b935c18bd38c323af027fa2ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.818ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=(0,r_{y},0),\ Z=(0,0,r_{z})}" loading="lazy"></span> fallen lässt:
</p><p>Aus der unteren Zeichnung erkennt man, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1},F_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1},F_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ddbaefad7d000285a069031a623cdc454e4b79e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.132ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1},F_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> auch die <a href="Brennpunkt_(Geometrie)" title="Brennpunkt (Geometrie)">Brennpunkte</a> der Äquatorellipse sind. D.&nbsp;h.: Die Äquatorellipse ist <a href="Konfokale_Kegelschnitte" title="Konfokale Kegelschnitte">konfokal</a> zur gegebenen Fokalellipse. Also ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l=2r_{x}+(a-c)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l=2r_{x}+(a-c)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfbf92c9f5a47d8b4560c1f6d71a5dae0c739f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.902ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l=2r_{x}+(a-c)}" loading="lazy"></span>, woraus sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4b1c38da7d9fec7a7fde6b247eef62810a066b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.738ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\frac {1}{2}}(l-a+c)}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt. Ferner erkennt man, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{y}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{y}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b5f783ce41cf0779274a4257d52c3e92c9e129b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.324ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{y}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.<br>Aus der oberen Zeichnung ergibt sich: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/05289e5891f97d54bdc946771362aedd6bb76917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.992ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1},S_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Brennpunkte der Ellipse in der x-z-<a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a> und es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{z}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{z}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/404bb9a4d9bf81152882db483b3e8e573192f5b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.547ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{z}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-a^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p><b>Umkehrung:</b><br>Möchte man ein durch seine Gleichung gegebenes 3-achsiges Ellipsoid <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Halbachsen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{x},r_{y},r_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{x},r_{y},r_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c32b2530cd4e81bdce43b0aab48beb71faed0c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.437ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{x},r_{y},r_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> konstruieren, so lassen sich aus den Gleichungen im Schritt <b>(3)</b> die für die Fadenkonstruktion nötigen Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b,l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b,l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55e5e377020203e03a8c19bc70bd84e6eb3fc8d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.989ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b,l}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnen. Für die folgenden Überlegungen wichtig sind die Gleichungen
</p>
<dl><dd><b>(5)</b><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle :\ r_{x}^{2}-r_{y}^{2}=c^{2},\quad r_{x}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2},\quad r_{y}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2}-c^{2}=b^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>:</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle :\ r_{x}^{2}-r_{y}^{2}=c^{2},\quad r_{x}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2},\quad r_{y}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2}-c^{2}=b^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db58a40933193d1dc9168374d0d6eb6277ff6286.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:56.584ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle :\ r_{x}^{2}-r_{y}^{2}=c^{2},\quad r_{x}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2},\quad r_{y}^{2}-r_{z}^{2}=a^{2}-c^{2}=b^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><b>Konfokale Ellipsoide:</b><br>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5eda78acf40a35f89df13b66d0407d3b940acab5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.48ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Konfokale_Quadriken" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfokale Quadriken">konfokales Ellipsoid</a> mit den Quadraten der Halbachsen
</p>
<dl><dd><b>(6)</b><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle :\ {\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>:</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle :\ {\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a67e686937096ddfda97a0a58737c78dde604454.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:44.314ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle :\ {\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}=r_{x}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\quad {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so erkennt man aus den vorigen Gleichungen, dass die zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5eda78acf40a35f89df13b66d0407d3b940acab5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.48ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {\overline {E}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gehörigen Fokalkegelschnitte für die Fadenerzeugung <i>dieselben</i> Halbachsen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b,c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b,c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f13f068df656c1b1911ae9f81628c49a6181194d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b,c}" loading="lazy"></span> wie die von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c298ed828ff778065aeb5f0f305097f55bb9ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.311ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> besitzen. Deshalb fasst man –&nbsp;analog der Rolle der <a href="Brennpunkt_(Geometrie)" title="Brennpunkt (Geometrie)">Brennpunkte</a> bei der Fadenerzeugung einer Ellipse&nbsp;– die Fokalkegelschnitte eines 3-achsigen Ellipsoids als deren unendlich viele Brennpunkte auf und nennt sie <b>Fokalkurven</b> des Ellipsoids.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Auch die Umkehrung ist richtig: Wählt man einen zweiten Faden der Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/334e4ddd1db99bab51300576cbdc346a2f033c5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.808ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und setzt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda =r_{x}^{2}-{\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda =r_{x}^{2}-{\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a65ecfcd4f2649ea29fd40dc6a471e1c32d873f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.851ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda =r_{x}^{2}-{\overline {r}}_{x}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\ {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\ {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74644faf45c5610bdcb0d0b7d1c81c7b7c4a0d2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:25.491ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}_{y}^{2}=r_{y}^{2}-\lambda ,\ {\overline {r}}_{z}^{2}=r_{z}^{2}-\lambda .}" loading="lazy"></span> D.&nbsp;h.: Die beiden Ellipsoide sind konfokal.
</p><p><b>Grenzfall <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>:</b><br>Im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1beb3f1b1ad87e99791ba713839204a88b27239a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.335ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=c}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{1}=F_{1},\;S_{2}=F_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{1}=F_{1},\;S_{2}=F_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb1ec6f346234c478e40598a35e4f245a1ad1587.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.932ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{1}=F_{1},\;S_{2}=F_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h., die Fokalellipse artet in eine Strecke und die <a href="Hyperbel_(Mathematik)" title="Hyperbel (Mathematik)">Hyperbel</a> in zwei <a href="Strahl_(Geometrie)" title="Strahl (Geometrie)">Strahlen</a> auf der x-Achse aus. Das Ellipsoid ist dann ein Rotationsellipsoid mit der x-Achse als <a href="Rotationsachse" title="Rotationsachse">Rotationsachse</a>. Es ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\tfrac {l}{2}},\;r_{y}=r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>l</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{x}={\tfrac {l}{2}},\;r_{y}=r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/544f97db5787e4f07d691e555f0c9aa44a33db5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:28.448ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{x}={\tfrac {l}{2}},\;r_{y}=r_{z}={\sqrt {r_{x}^{2}-c^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>

<p><b>Eigenschaften der Fokalhyperbel:</b><br>Betrachtet man ein Ellipsoid von einem außerhalb gelegenen Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der zugehörigen Fokalhyperbel aus, so erscheint der Umriss des Ellipsoids als <a href="Kreis" title="Kreis">Kreis</a>. Oder, anders ausgedrückt: Die <a href="Tangente" title="Tangente">Tangenten</a> des Ellipsoids durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden einen senkrechten <a href="Kreiskegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreiskegel">Kreiskegel</a>, dessen Rotationsachse Tangente in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> an die Hyperbel ist.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lässt man den Augpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ins Unendliche laufen, entsteht die Ansicht einer senkrechten <a href="Parallelprojektion" title="Parallelprojektion">Parallelprojektion</a> mit einer <a href="Asymptote" title="Asymptote">Asymptote</a> der Fokalhyperbel als Projektionsrichtung. Die <a href="Umrisskonstruktion" title="Umrisskonstruktion">wahre Umrisskurve</a> auf dem Ellipsoid ist im Allgemeinen kein Kreis.<br>In der Abbildung ist unten links eine Parallelprojektion eines 3-achsigen Ellipsoids (Halbachsen: 60, 40, 30) in Richtung einer Asymptote und unten rechts eine <a href="Zentralprojektion" title="Zentralprojektion">Zentralprojektion</a> mit Zentrum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der Fokalhyperbel und Hauptpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> auf der Tangente an die Hyperbel in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt. In beiden Projektionen sind die scheinbaren Umrisse Kreise. Links ist das Bild des <a href="Koordinatenursprung" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordinatenursprung">Koordinatenursprungs</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>O</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d70e1d0d87e2ef1092ea1ffe2923d9933ff18fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> des Umrisskreises, rechts ist der Hauptpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> der Mittelpunkt.
</p><p>Die Fokalhyperbel eines Ellipsoids schneidet das Ellipsoid in seinen vier <a href="Nabelpunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabelpunkt">Nabelpunkten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><b>Eigenschaft der Fokalellipse:</b><br>Die Fokalellipse mit ihrem Inneren kann als <a href="Grenzfl%C3%A4che" title="Grenzfläche">Grenzfläche</a> der durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/181523deba732fda302fd176275a0739121d3bc8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmten Schar von konfokalen Ellipsoide für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{z}\to 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{z}\to 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06e0481a91dddd073574ecb497b7df55497b0225.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.827ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{z}\to 0}" loading="lazy"></span> als unendlich dünnes Ellipsoid angesehen werden. Es ist dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{x}=a,\;r_{y}=b,\;l=3a-c.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{x}=a,\;r_{y}=b,\;l=3a-c.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e8ddebb473ee1ba0e915985a4d29d7ed28b3edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.78ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{x}=a,\;r_{y}=b,\;l=3a-c.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ellipsoid_in_beliebiger_Lage">Ellipsoid in beliebiger Lage</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parameterdarstellung_2">Parameterdarstellung</h3></div>
<p>Eine <a href="Affine_Abbildung" title="Affine Abbildung">affine Abbildung</a> lässt sich durch eine <a href="Parallelverschiebung" title="Parallelverschiebung">Parallelverschiebung</a> um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und eine <a href="Regul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Reguläre Matrix">reguläre</a> 3×3-<a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreiben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\mapsto {\vec {f}}_{0}+A{\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+x{\vec {f}}_{1}+y{\vec {f}}_{2}+z{\vec {f}}_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\mapsto {\vec {f}}_{0}+A{\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+x{\vec {f}}_{1}+y{\vec {f}}_{2}+z{\vec {f}}_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5352c98396678906bce3d9b56b3c1f7acc7b433c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.645ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\mapsto {\vec {f}}_{0}+A{\vec {x}}={\vec {f}}_{0}+x{\vec {f}}_{1}+y{\vec {f}}_{2}+z{\vec {f}}_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca9be64134bc95772a521100b1190af3d2fee43f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.225ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Spaltenvektoren der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> sind.
</p><p>Die <a href="Parameterdarstellung" title="Parameterdarstellung">Parameterdarstellung</a> eines beliebigen Ellipsoids ergibt sich aus der obigen Parameterdarstellung der <a href="Einheitskugel" title="Einheitskugel">Einheitskugel</a> und der Beschreibung einer affinen Abbildung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{2}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\sin \theta ,\quad -\pi /2\leq \theta \leq \pi /2,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{2}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\sin \theta ,\quad -\pi /2\leq \theta \leq \pi /2,\ 0\leq \varphi &lt;2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74b842756cf08dad99864ec536d631f31579692e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:87.261ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{0}+{\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{2}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\sin \theta ,\quad -\pi /2\leq \theta \leq \pi /2,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Umgekehrt gilt: Wählt man einen <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> beliebig und die Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca9be64134bc95772a521100b1190af3d2fee43f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.225ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> beliebig, aber <a href="Linear_unabh%C3%A4ngig" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear unabhängig">linear unabhängig</a>, so beschreibt die obige <a href="Parameterdarstellung" title="Parameterdarstellung">Parameterdarstellung</a> in jedem Fall ein Ellipsoid. Bilden die Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca9be64134bc95772a521100b1190af3d2fee43f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.225ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Orthogonalsystem" title="Orthogonalsystem">Orthogonalsystem</a>, so sind die <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}\pm {\vec {f}}_{i},\ i=1,2,3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}\pm {\vec {f}}_{i},\ i=1,2,3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/282a154dceb23ce03fabf9df906342c293819f6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.095ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}\pm {\vec {f}}_{i},\ i=1,2,3}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Scheitelpunkt" title="Scheitelpunkt">Scheitelpunkte</a> des Ellipsoids und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {f}}_{1}|,|{\vec {f}}_{2}|,|{\vec {f}}_{3}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {f}}_{1}|,|{\vec {f}}_{2}|,|{\vec {f}}_{3}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/996d4d7abf22008638853b19f251e7f9b84d5938.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.106ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {f}}_{1}|,|{\vec {f}}_{2}|,|{\vec {f}}_{3}|}" loading="lazy"></span> die zugehörigen Halbachsen.
</p><p>Ein <a href="Normalenvektor" title="Normalenvektor">Normalenvektor</a> im <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49378df5a954a5038c081aecd3acddd20b80cc72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.784ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(\theta ,\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{2}\times {\vec {f}}_{3}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\times {\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{1}\times {\vec {f}}_{2}\sin \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{2}\times {\vec {f}}_{3}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\times {\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{1}\times {\vec {f}}_{2}\sin \theta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f9dbecc78969ba810bac73f8a80e05fa2d8d7db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.69ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}(\theta ,\varphi )={\vec {f}}_{2}\times {\vec {f}}_{3}\cos \theta \cos \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{3}\times {\vec {f}}_{1}\cos \theta \sin \varphi +{\vec {f}}_{1}\times {\vec {f}}_{2}\sin \theta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zu einer Parameterdarstellung eines beliebigen Ellipsoids lässt sich auch eine <a href="Implizite_Fl%C3%A4che" title="Implizite Fläche">implizite</a> Beschreibung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0796f292c93e738b5c7c46a9aea6023ceb2d8ec7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.452ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> angeben. Für ein Ellipsoid mit <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> im <a href="Koordinatenursprung" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordinatenursprung">Koordinatenursprung</a>, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}=(0,0,0)^{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}=(0,0,0)^{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/803dc776afa0e7e9cb99129d0f6b7a9dd98f70b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.571ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}=(0,0,0)^{T}}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=\operatorname {det} ({\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {x}})^{2}\;-\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>+</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>+</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>det</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=\operatorname {det} ({\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {x}})^{2}\;-\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80684c980982334fd3f44976ec5ca5990a525556.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:90.047ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=\operatorname {det} ({\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {x}},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}\;+\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {x}})^{2}\;-\;\operatorname {det} ({\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3})^{2}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine implizite Darstellung.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><i>Bemerkung:</i> Das durch obige Parameterdarstellung beschriebene Ellipsoid ist in dem eventuell schiefen <a href="Koordinatensystem" title="Koordinatensystem">Koordinatensystem</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Koordinatenursprung" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordinatenursprung">Koordinatenursprung</a>), <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca9be64134bc95772a521100b1190af3d2fee43f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.225ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec {f}}_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Basisvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basisvektor">Basisvektoren</a>) die Einheitskugel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellipsoid_als_Quadrik">Ellipsoid als Quadrik</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadrik</a></i></div>
<p>Ein beliebiges Ellipsoid mit <a href="Mittelpunkt" title="Mittelpunkt">Mittelpunkt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1ae526b00782f0150985cd3fa027d82369c0abd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.719ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> lässt sich als <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmenge" title="Lösungsmenge">Lösungsmenge</a> einer <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})^{\top }A\,({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})^{\top }A\,({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52f5f59795ec2297800706f0c2510f19bf2cd8e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.299ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})^{\top }A\,({\vec {x}}-{\vec {f}}_{0})=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>schreiben, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Positiv_definite_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv definite Matrix">positiv definite Matrix</a> ist.
</p><p>Die <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektoren</a> der <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmen die Hauptachsenrichtungen des Ellipsoids und die <a href="Eigenwerte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwerte">Eigenwerte</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die <a href="Kehrwert" title="Kehrwert">Kehrwerte</a> der Quadrate der Halbachsen: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbecdccf102d1e32bb76f6079b283352aec4df73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.563ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c51f7411d1c9b892dd0d025b35701da226d74dc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.33ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d2f059b44c0119a3fd80d157590d2cd16fc751b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.34ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ellipsoid_in_der_projektiven_Geometrie">Ellipsoid in der projektiven Geometrie</h2></div>
<p>Schließt man den <a href="3-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="3-dimensional">3-dimensionalen</a> <a href="Affiner_Raum" title="Affiner Raum">affinen Raum</a> und die einzelnen <a href="Quadrik" title="Quadrik">Quadriken</a> <a href="Projektiver_Raum" title="Projektiver Raum">projektiv</a> durch eine <a href="Fernebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernebene">Fernebene</a> bzw. Fernpunkte ab, so sind die folgenden Quadriken <i>projektiv äquivalent,</i> d.&nbsp;h., es gibt jeweils eine <i>projektive</i> <a href="Kollineation" title="Kollineation">Kollineation</a>, die die eine Quadrik in die andere überführt:
</p>
<ul><li>Ellipsoid, elliptisches <a href="Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a> und 2-schaliges <a href="Hyperboloid" title="Hyperboloid">Hyperboloid</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Referenzellipsoid" title="Referenzellipsoid">Referenzellipsoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsellipsoid" title="Trägheitsellipsoid">Trägheitsellipsoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Indexellipsoid" title="Indexellipsoid">Indexellipsoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Hom%C3%B6oid" title="Homöoid">Homöoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Fokaloid" title="Fokaloid">Fokaloid</a></li>
<li><a href="Konfokale_Quadriken" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfokale Quadriken">Konfokale Quadriken</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keisan.casio.com/has10/SpecExec.cgi?path=05000000.Mathematics%2f01000300.Volume%20and%20surface%20area%2f13000600.Volume%20of%20an%20ellipsoid%2fdefault.xml&amp;charset=utf-8">Online-Berechnung von Volumen und Oberfläche eines Ellipsoids</a> (englisch)</li>
<li><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203063110/http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/SurfaceEllipsoid/SurfEll.html"><i>Herleitung der Formel für die Oberfläche eines Ellipsoids.</i></a> Juli 2003, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-position:center right!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:10px!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/MediaWiki_external_link_icon.svg")!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("./_mw_/Link.ernal-small-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:0.857em!important;padding-right:1em!important}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpi.physik.uni-bonn.de%2F%7Edieckman%2FSurfaceEllipsoid%2FSurfEll.html">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">3.&nbsp;Februar 2015</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 3.&nbsp;Februar 2015</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEllipsoid&amp;rft.title=Herleitung+der+Formel+f%C3%BCr+die+Oberfl%C3%A4che+eines+Ellipsoids&amp;rft.description=Herleitung+der+Formel+f%C3%BCr+die+Oberfl%C3%A4che+eines+Ellipsoids&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150203063110%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpi.physik.uni-bonn.de%2F%7Edieckman%2FSurfaceEllipsoid%2FSurfEll.html&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.source=http://pi.physik.uni-bonn.de/~dieckman/SurfaceEllipsoid/SurfEll.html&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/ellipsoid.html">Mathematische Basteleien: Ellipsoid</a></li>
<li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ellipsoid.html"><i>Ellipsoid</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrien-Marie Legendre: <i>Traite des fonctions elliptiques et des intégrales <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euleriennes</a>, Bd.&nbsp;1.</i> Hugard-Courier, Paris 1825, S.&nbsp;357.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne M. Kresta, Arthur W. Etchells III, David S. Dickey, Victor A. Atiemo-Obeng (Hrsg.): <i>Advances in Industrial Mixing: A Companion to the Handbook of Industrial Mixing.</i> John Wiley &amp; Sons, 11. März 2016, ISBN 978-0-470-52382-7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=fia8CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA524#v=onepage">Seite 524 unten</a> in der Google-Buchsuche.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Böhm: <i>Die Fadenkonstruktion der Flächen zweiter Ordnung</i>, Mathemat. Nachrichten 13, 1955, S. 151.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Staude: <i>Ueber Fadenconstructionen des Ellipsoides.</i> Math. Ann. 20, 147–184 (1882).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Staude: <i>Ueber neue Focaleigenschaften der Flächen 2. Grades.</i> Math. Ann. 27, 253–271 (1886).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Staude: <i>Die algebraischen Grundlagen der Focaleigenschaften der Flächen 2. Ordnung.</i> Math. Ann. 50, 398–428 (1898).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Hilbert, S. Cohn-Vossen: <i>Anschauliche Geometrie.</i> Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 3662366851, S. 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Finsterwalder: <i>Über die Fadenconstruction des Ellipsoides.</i> Mathematische Annalen Bd. 26, 1886, S. 546–556.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Hesse: <i>Analytische Geometrie des Raumes.</i> Teubner, Leipzig 1861, S.&nbsp;287.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Hilbert, S. Cohn-Vossen: <i>Anschauliche Geometrie.</i> S. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Hesse: <i>Analytische Geometrie des Raumes.</i> S.&nbsp;301.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Blaschke: <i>Analytische Geometrie.</i> S. 125.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de/~ehartmann/cdg-skript-1998.pdf"><i>Computerunterstützte Darstellende und Konstruktive Geometrie.</i></a> Uni Darmstadt (PDF; 3,4&nbsp;MB), S.&nbsp;88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://see.stanford.edu/materials/lsoeldsee263/15-symm.pdf">Symmetric matrices, quadratic forms, matrix norm, and SVD.</a></i></span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-04-14" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Ellipsoid&amp;oldid=255131596">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>